DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis

How do Results Look and What do They Mean?
Example Results for a Person of African-American Ancestry

Comments for this sample individual: These sample results are for a person of African-American descent. To view a sample of
results in high resolution PDF format, please click here.

Part A: Genetic Profile: Your unique genetic profile includes your allele values for 21 genetic markers distributed throughout your
autosomal chromosomes. At each locus, you have two values: one allele inherited from your father and one allele inherited from
your mother, for a total of 42 dimensions used to compute your geographic ancestry. Your unique combination of alleles is used to
compute high resolution Native Population, Global Population and World Region matches.

Comments for this sample individual: At each locus, this individual inherited one allele value from their mother and one from their
father. Each allele value is a number representing repeats of a particular genetic sequence. For instance, at locus TH01, this
individual has inherited one allele of length 7 (7 repeats) and an allele of length 9.3 (9.3 repeats). Because these alleles are passed
down independently on separate chromosomes, it would be necessary to test a parent to determine which allele was passed down by
which parent. This DNA profile serves as a genetic fingerprint for this person. This collection of allele values is used to compute a
person’s connections to individual populations and world regions.

Part B: High Resolution Native Population Match: DNA Tribes identifies your Top 20 matches in a database of all native
populations that have experienced minimal movement and admixture in the last 500 years. Individual matches do not necessary
indicate recent social or cultural affiliation with a particular ethnicity. Instead, the geographical distribution of your Native Population
Match results indicates your most likely deep ancestral origins.

Comments for this sample individual: The Top 20 Native population matches for this individual include several indigenous African
tribes and nations. Individual scores do not indicate a person’s percentage of individual ethnic groups. Instead, they indicate where
a DNA profile is most frequent. The strongest match is with an Ovambo Bantu population sampled in Namibia, where this individual’s
DNA profile is 2,592,740.22 times as likely as in the world as a whole. The TribeScore of (0.55) indicates this match score is higher
than 55% of scores for sampled Ovambo individuals. However, this DNA profile can be found in other African populations at similar
frequencies. For instance, the score for a sampled population in Tanzania is 984,522.78, indicating this DNA profile is 2,592,740.22
/ 984,522.78 = 2.63 times as likely in Namibian Ovambo as in Tanzania. For both matches, TribeScores are within the ordinary or
typical range of (0.25) or above, which indicates this person's DNA fits within the ordinary range for members of these populations.

Some nations appear multiple times within these listings. For instance, matches are identified for samples from Mozambique and
Maputo, Mozambique appear. Each of these scores expresses an independent comparison to this population. In addition, genetic
ancestry from this part of Africa are most robustly expressed in Part D match scores for the Southern African genetic region.

For this individual, Ovambo Bantu (Namibia) would be this person's most likely population of origin, but other ethnic origins such as
Bamileke, Tanzania, or Nigerian are not excluded. Because no population is completely isolated from its neighbors and African
Diaspora communities have origins in multiple populations of Africa, individual DNA profiles often overlap with a number of
populations at similar frequencies. These genetic matches provide strong clues as to where this person’s ancestors left the strongest
genetic traces and where their genetic relatives in Africa live today.

Part C: High Resolution Global Population Match: In this section we provide your Top 20 matches in a database of all global
populations, including native peoples as well as Diaspora groups that expanded from their homelands and sometimes admixed with
other populations in recent history. The geographical distribution of these matches indicates your closest genetic relatives today and
peoples whose blend of geographical ancestry is most similar to your own.

Comments for this sample individual: These Global results include not just native African populations but also ethnic groups of the
African Diaspora. For instance, this individual’s DNA profile can be found at high frequencies in African-Americans living in many
places, from Jamaica to Canada. Global matches do not mean this individual’s ancestors came from the Jamaica or Canada, but do
indicate places where African-Americans of a similar genetic background live today.

Part D: High Resolution World Region Match: World Region Match measures your genetic connections to major world regions:

Comments for this sample individual: World region results provide the best general picture of a person’s genetic connections to
the world. They can often clarify individual Native and Global population match results by providing a more robust comparison to
major genetic regions rather than individual population samples. For instance, this individual’s DNA profile is most frequent in
Tropical West Africa, but can also be found (with scores >1.0) in other regions including the African Great Lakes, Southern African,
Sahelian, and other regions. This is consistent with the distribution of Native and Global population matches, which include
populations along the West African coast as well as other parts of Africa.

More specifically, this individual’s DNA profile is most frequent in Tropical West Africa, where it is 586,069.06 times as likely as in the
world. Substantial scores (>1.0) also include other African regions as well as Near Eastern and European genetic regions. These
secondary affiliations indicate this DNA profile can also be found at lower frequencies in other parts of the world.

Scores can be compared to each other to give relative frequencies. For instance, this DNA profile is 586,069.06 / 1,935.13 = 302.9
times as frequent in Tropical West Africa as in North Africa.

All scores are measured against the Generic Human Index of 1.0. Scores above 1.0 are more frequent in that region than in the
world, while scores below 1.0 are more frequent in the world than in that region. For instance, this individual’s score for the
Polynesian is 0.49, indicating this DNA profile is 1.0 / 0.49 = 2.05 times as likely in the world as in Polynesia.

Summary Comments: DNA Tribes results for this person provide a detailed and comprehensive picture of their African-American
ancestry including their closest genetic relatives amongst ethnic groups in Tropical West Africa, Southern Africa and the modern
African Diaspora populations as well as precise measurements of where their DNA profile can be found in other major world
regions.

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satellite images courtesy NASA Earth Observatory.