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Friday, February 24, 2006
Comments on Sample Modal Profiles

To give an idea of approaches to the interpretation of results, here are some comments on the modal Scottish and Turkish samples available under Sample Results.

Each modal sample posted on our website represents an individual with marker values that are most common for each locus in that population. Each match contains quite a bit of statistical information, and a careful reading of explanations and guidelines in the Introduction section is highly recommended for interpreting results. In addition, the geographical pattern of matches can provide important clues to the scope and region of an individual's greatest genetic affiliation. The best points of comparison for DNA Tribes results are known patterns of genetic diversity and known demographic history. Known patterns of genetic diversity include Y chromosome distributions, mtDNA distributions, and variation in classical genetic markers.

Starting with the Scottish sample (click here to view PDF): Native Match results are predominantly clustered in Western Europe, with the most likely match in a Basque population with score 44. The MLI score of 44 indicates that this modal Scottish profile is 44 times as likely to be found in this Basque population as to be found in a Generic Human Population. This pattern of matches corresponds quite closely with the geographical distribution of the modal Scottish Y chromosome haplogroup (R1b), which exhibits very high diversity in Spain, and in particular in Basques. Global Match results Western European populations, as well as a North African population and several Native American populations that have historically admixed with European immigrants (and in particular, immigrants from the British Isles). Continent Match results include the most likely match with Europe at 137, indicating that this modal Scottish profile is 137 times more likely to be European than a Generic Human. The second most likely Continent Match is Native American at 6, indicating this modal profile is 6 times more likely to be Native American than a Generic Human, and 137/6 or 23 times more likely to be European than to be Native American.

The modal Turkish sample (click here to view PDF) can be interpreted by the same approach. Native Match results include matches in Central Asia, India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Southeastern Europe, with an outlier in Aboriginal Australians. The most likely match is with an Uygur population in northwest China, who are one of the oldest Turkic ethnic groups in Central Asia. Matches in the Near East and South Asia are consistent with known historical migrations and invasions of Turkic tribes. Global Match results are substantially similar, indicating that modern admixed populations do not represent this modal Turkish profile better than indigenous populations. Continent Match results are low, with the highest match of 13 for Europe, and 5 for East and South Asia. These matches indicate the likely presence of admixture or origins near intercontinental regions, which is consistent with historical Turkish origins at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.


Monday, February 13, 2006
Tips for Interpreting Your Results

Here are some hints that might help as you study and interpret your DNA Tribes Personal Genetic Analysis Report:

Global Match, Native Match, and Continent Match scores all represent likelihood values. For instance, a Global Match score of "5" for Italians indicates that the individual profile is 5 times as likely to be found in that Italian population as to be a Generic Human. Likewise, a Continent Match score of 20 for Europe indicates an individual is 20 times as likely to be European as to be Generic (with no continental cluster affiliation).

Since each Native Match and Global Match is a likelihood calculation of belonging to each population, not all individual profiles obtain matches in the "Good" or "Excellent" category. Scores below Good or Excellent can indicate that a profile is rare, but it can also simply indicate that a profile is not especially distinctive. For instance, a profile that is very common in many parts of the world may not obtain any high scoring matches.

The scoring system is designed to approximate a bell-shaped normal distribution, in which most scores are Fair, and very high ("Excellent") and very low ("Poor") scores are comparatively rare.

Each match is independent, so results don't indicate any overall percentage of admixture. Two equal scores don't indicate an even mixture of two groups, but rather equal likelihood of belonging to either group. The best way to verbalize the list of top ranking matches is: "[Match #1] population with likelihood [Score #1], or else [Match #2] population with likelihood [Match #3], or else ..."

This is true of Global and Native Match results, and also of Continent Match results. DNA Tribes Continent Match results are not designed as an admixture test, since more autosomal markers would be required to accurately indicate small amounts of mixture. Small amounts of admixture do not always show in Native Match and Global Match results, unless an individual has genes that are very common in the minor admixture source's populations, and very rare everywhere else. Our algorithm is designed to return the individual's most distinctive results.

Excellent and Good matches do not necessarily signify recent descent from that population, but do indicate probable common ancestry. As with Y chromosome and mtDNA haplogroups, autosomal genes are distributed according to geographical patterns, but these patterns do not always conform to modern national or ethnic boundaries. One way to "read" results is to see them as forming an overall geographical pattern. For instance, matches in Spain or Portugal may correspond to a pattern of Western European ancestry similar to the distribution of Y haplogroup R1b or mtDNA haplogroup H, while matches in the circum-Mediterranean region may correspond to the distribution of Y haplogroup J.

It may be helpful to compare your results with sample modal results posted on our website. These sample profiles represent modal (highest frequency) representatives of various populations, and studying them gives an indication of some major geographical patterns of autosomal genetic variation.


Wednesday, February 08, 2006
New Sample Results Posted

Modal representatives from the following populations have been posted under Sample Results:

Hutu (Rwanda)
Nigerian
Salvadoran
Santa Catarina, Brazil
Valencia, Spain


Sunday, February 05, 2006
Kerchner's DNATribes (t/m) Test/Analysis Results Log (BLOG)

Charles Kerchner has created an unofficial DNA Tribes Results Log for people who would like to share their DNA Tribes results (currently only for matches whose likelihood is "Good" or "Excellent"). This promises to be a useful and informative resource. The log can be found at:

http://www.kerchner.com/cgi-kerchner/dnatribes.cgi


Wednesday, February 01, 2006
New Sample Results

New sample results (PDF format) have been posted for modal individuals from the following populations:

Ashkenazi Jewish
Milan, Italy
Moroccan Berber
Naples, Italy
Sudanese
Xiongnu (Mongolian burial site, 200 AD)


New Populations for February 1, 2006

We have added 39 new populations to our Global Population Database, for a current total of 349 poulations, including 208 indigenous population samples and representing a total of 86,476 individuals. Sample sizes are listed in parentheses.

New European Populations:
  • Albanian (Kosovo, Albania) (136)
  • Bosnian (210)
  • German (98)
  • Northwest Italian (Piedmont, Italy) (147)
  • Serbian (Vojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro) (100)
  • Slovenian (193)
  • Spanish (94)
New Native American Populations:
  • Bri Bri (Costa Rica) (86)
  • Chol (Northeast Chiapas, Mexico) (109)
  • Dogrib (Northwest Territories, Canada) (98)
  • Mexican (Metztitlan City, Mexico) (180)
  • Ngobe (Panama) (46)
  • Pehuenche (Chile) (76)
  • Wounan (Panama) (46)
New Near Eastern Populations:
  • Afghan (130)
  • United Arab Emirates (106)
New African Populations:
  • Benin (102)
  • Nigerian (96)
  • Sudanese (98)
New East Asian Populations:
  • Chinese (206)
  • Han (Guangdong, China) (102)
  • Hui (Ningxia, China) (100)
  • Japanese (102)
  • Samoan (96)
  • Thai (96)
  • Vietnamese (Hanoi, Vietnam) (178)
New South Asian Populations:
  • Kachari (Northeast India) (108)
New Global Diaspora Populations:
  • African-American (South Carolina, U.S.A.) (98)
  • Brazilian (162)
  • Kampuchean (80)
  • Hispanic (U.S.A.) (690)
  • Caucasian (U.S.A.) (7636)
  • African-American (U.S.A.) (7419)
  • Asian (Australia) (716)
  • Aboriginal (Australia) (3515)
  • Caucasian (Australia) (8202)
  • Salvadoran (El Salvador) (323)
  • Brazilian (Santa Catarina, Brazil) (160)
  • Puerto Rican (Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (205)


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